Just in the practical form, the switches are replaced by “Transistors” and every two (verticales) are control by a single pin, that’s why on the module you’ll notice 4 controlling pins, 2 for each motor. Here are some circuit schematics that I took from wikipedia: This module can control a Stepper motor as well ( but that’s for another day), in case you need to control your stepper motor, here’s an alternative: How to use a stepper motor with Arduino and its driver ULN2003. The module I used is a L298n Dual H-bridge, it’s often used with Arduino, it can control 2 DC motors at the same time, and you can control the direction and the speed as well. If you’re a bit familiar with DC motors (motors widely used in toys and robots) you’ll notice that if you switch polarity the rotation direction will change too, so in order to go forward and backward you need to switch the wires… but that’s not practical, you need something to do it electronically without modifying any wires: This is where the H-bridge comes handy. Welcome to this tutorial, check the video first it contains a little bit of explanation about H-bridges if you want to understand or even make your own one.
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